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- NUMBER THEORY
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- Elementary number theory is one of the
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- easiest to understand fields of mathe-
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- matics. Like Euclidean Geometry, it
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- is easy to state the problems and has
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- a simple set of axioms and
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- definitions.
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- Although we will touch only a fraction
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- of the material in number theory, it
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- is our hope that you will pursue it
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- further through the literature.
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- Beginning with Peano's postulates
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- which describe the natural numbers,
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- 1,2,3..., etc., we can develop the
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- entire real number system.
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- The concepts of mathematical induction
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- and well-ordering, or the actual
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- development of the number system will
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- not be covered here.
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- We will discuss divisibility.
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- DEFINITION: Let A and B be integers.
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- Then we say that A divides B if there
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- exists an integer C such that
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- AC = B.
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- We also say that B is divisible by A.
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- THEOREM: Let A and B be integers. If
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- A divides B, and if D is any integer,
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- then A divides BD.
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- PROOF: Since A divides B, there is an
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- integer C such that
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- (1) AC = B
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- multiplying both sides by D,
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- (2) ACD = BD.
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- Since CD is an integer and
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- A(CD) = BD,
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- the definition of 'A divides BD' is
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- satisfied.
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- THEOREM: Let A, B, and C be integers
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- and suppose that
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- (1) A + B = C.
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- If D is any integer which divides any
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- two of A, B, and C then it divides the
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- remaining integer.
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- PROOF: To start, let's assume that D
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- divides both A and B. We must show
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- that D also divides C.
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- Since D divides both A and B, there
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- exist integers E and F such that
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- A = DE and B = DF. Substituting these
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- values in equation (1) we get
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- (2) DE + DF = C.
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- By the distributive property
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- (factoring) we see that
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- (3) D(E + F) = C
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- Thus D divides C (since E + F is an
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- integer).
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- The other cases are handled by
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- reducing them to the case we just did.
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- For example, suppose D divides A and
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- C. We must show that D divides B.
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- Add -B-C to both sides of equation (1)
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- (4) A + B + (-B-C) = C + (-B-C)
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- (5) A + (-C) = -B
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- Now since D divides A and C, it also
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- divides A and -C. From the above
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- case, D must divide -B. Hence D
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- divides B.
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- For further reading I suggest the
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- following books:
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- ELEMENTARY THEORY OF NUMBERS
- by Harriet Griffin
- (McGraw Hill)
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- INTRODUCTION TO MODERN ALGEBRA AND
- ANALYSIS
- by Croud and Walker
- (Hold, Reinhart and Winston)
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- A SURVEY OF MODERN ALGEBRA
- by Rirkhoff and MacLine
- (MacMillan)
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